CD40, the receptor for CD40L, is a member of the TNF receptor (TNFR) superfamily. It is expressed in a plethora of cell types, including B cells, macrophages and dendritic, endothelial and epithelial cells.The CD40/CD40L interactions play a central role in orchestrating the immune response. CD40L is produced by both Th1 and Th2 helper T cells, as well as by mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.Signals induced by CD40L expressed in Th1 and Th2 cells are required for macrophage and B‐cell activation, respectively.It transduces TRAF6- and MAP3K8-mediated signals that activate ERK in macrophages and B cells, leading to induction of immunoglobulin secretion.