CD19 (Cluster of Differentiation 19) , also known as B4 and LEU12, is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is exclusively expressed on B lymphocytes from early development through mature B cells, but not on plasma cells. As a critical component of the B cell co-receptor complex, CD19 modulates PI3K signaling and regulates B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. CD19 is a well-established therapeutic target in B-cell malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It has become the most successful target for CAR-T cell therapy, with FDA-approved products including tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) and axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) . Additionally, bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) such as blinatumomab target CD19. However, treatment resistance can arise through antigen escape mechanisms, driving the development of next-generation CAR-T cells targeting CD19 or combination strategies.