OX40L(CD252) is mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), and the expression of OX40L can be detected by APC within 1-3 days after contact with antigen.OX40L and OX40(CD134) can significantly enhance the activation process of T cells, which can amplify the cascade reaction of T cells and promote T cells from resting state to activated state. In addition, the combination of OX40L and OX40 can promote the proliferation of T cells, and the combination of OX40L and OX40 activates downstream signal pathways such as NF-κB, PI3K and AKT for clonal expansion, thus prolonging the life of T cells. OX40L can also enhance the production of cytokines, enhance the immune response of effector tumor-specific T cells and enhance the production of tumor-specific memory T cells by maintaining the expression of anti-apoptosis proteins such as BCL-XL, BCL-2 and survivn.
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α), also known as cachectin and TNFSF1A, is an effective pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is mainly secreted by macrophages. There are two biologically active forms of TNF-α: transmembrane form (tmTNF-α) and secretory form (sTNF-α). TNFalpha binds to its receptors, mainly TNFR1 and TNFR2, and then transmits signals to realize the function of regulating immune cells. As an endogenous pyrogen, it can promote fever, cause cell apoptosis, cause sepsis (by inducing the production of IL-1 and IL-6), cause cachexia, cause inflammation, and prevent tumor occurrence and virus replication.
