The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that plays a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. EGFR activation triggers downstream signaling pathways, including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, which are frequently dysregulated in cancers. EGFR overexpression or activating mutations (e.g., exon 19 deletions and L858R) are common in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, and colorectal cancer, making it a critical therapeutic target. Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., cetuximab and panitumumab) targeting EGFR extracellular domain are used in colorectal and head/neck cancers. Current research focuses on overcoming resistance mechanisms and developing next-generation inhibitors. Further exploration of EGFR\'s role in tumor microenvironment and immune modulation may provide novel therapeutic strategies.