The VAV3 gene, located on chromosome 1p13.3, encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of the VAV family. VAV3 functions by catalyzing GDP-GTP exchange on Rho GTPases (e.g., RAC1, RHOA), thereby regulating cytoskeletal reorganization, proliferation, and migration. Its expression spans hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues, underscoring its systemic role in signaling transduction. Dysregulation of VAV3 is implicated in several pathological conditions. For instance, in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), VAV3 potentiates androgen receptor (AR) activity, driving therapy resistance. Moreover, VAV3 overexpression in breast cancer, glioblastoma, and leukemia promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and chemoresistance. Consequently, VAV3 has emerged as a therapeutic target, with strategies including small-molecule inhibitors and RNA-based approaches to overcome resistance in malignancies.