The SETD2 gene, encoding the SET domain containing 2 protein, is a key player in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. This enzyme specifically methylates lysine 36 on histone H3 (H3K36me3), a modification that is critical for the proper transcriptional elongation and termination of genes, as well as for the maintenance of genomic stability. Mutations or dysregulation of SETD2 have been linked to various diseases, most notably cancers, where alterations in H3K36 methylation patterns can lead to oncogene activation and tumor suppressor gene silencing.Research has also highlighted the role of SETD2 in DNA damage response pathways and RNA processing, underscoring its multifaceted impact on cellular homeostasis. In renal cell carcinoma and other malignancies, loss-of-function mutations in SETD2 correlate with poor prognosis, suggesting its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.