Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role in signal transduction pathways as a second messenger. cAMP can regulate the transcription of various target genes, mainly through protein kinase A (PKA) and its downstream effectors such as cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB). In addition, PKA can phosphorylate many kinases such as Raf, GSK4 and FAK. Aberrant cAMP-PKA signaling is involved in various types of diseases, such as prefrontal cortex disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and human tumors. Especially, cAMP signaling may have both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles depending on the tumor types and context. cAMP-PKA signaling can regulate cancer cell growth, migration, invasion and metabolism.
PTH1R, also known as PTHR1, is a protein that belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. PTH1R is a receptor for parathyroid hormone and for parathyroid hormone-related peptide. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase, and phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Diseases associated with PTH1R include Jansen type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and Blomstrand type Chondrodysplasia. Among its related pathways are endochondral ossification with skeletal dysplasias and GPCR downstream signaling.