IL6ST, encoding the gp130 protein, serves as a critical shared signaling receptor for the IL-6 cytokine family. By forming functional complexes with various specific receptors, it activates the JAK-STAT pathway to regulate immune responses, hematopoiesis, and cell survival. While essential for homeostasis, its dysregulation is a hallmark of chronic inflammation and solid tumors like CRC and PDAC. Currently, targeting the gp130-mediated trans-signaling pathway with fusion proteins like Olamkicept represents a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases and oncology.