Hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), also described as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP4K1), is a member of MAP4Ks family, and belongs to mammalian STE20-like protein serine/threonine kinases, which is originally cloned from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Apart from HPK1, the MAP4Ks family also includes Germinal Center Kinase (GCK/MAP4K2), GCK-like kinase (GLK/MAP4K3), HPK1/GCK-like kinase (HGK/MAP4K4), Kinase homologous to SPS1/STE20 (KHS/MAP4K5), Misshapen/NCK-related kinase (MINK/MAP4K6) . MAP4Ks family plays an important role in the regulation of cellular signaling, cell activation, cell survival, cell apoptosis, and migration. Interestingly enough, MAP4Ks family has a wide homology in protein structure, and HPK1 displays 66% and 67% amino acid identities with GLK and HGK, respectively, but they play different roles in immune cell signal transduction and inflammatory responses. HPK1 and HGK play negative roles in T cells activation and T cell-mediated immune responses, while GLK plays a positive role in activating T cells and autoimmune responses. Extensive studies revealed that HPK1, as a negative regulator of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells-mediated immune responses, cooperates with several signaling adaptor proteins to transmit signals to downstream cellular events, which in turn regulate stress responses, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Both the HPK1 gene knockout (HPK1 KO) mice and the genetically engineered mice with HPK1 catalytic inactivation site mutations had enhanced antitumor immune response and increased production of cytokines and antigen-specific antibodies, particularly when these mice were treated with anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. Moreover, northern blot analysis and western blot analysis of distribution of HPK1 in human tissues and cell lines confirmed that HPK1 is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cell lines including T cells, B cells and dendritic cells (DC) . These findings suggest that HPK1 has a promising value as an antitumor immunotherapy target.