PD-1, human programmed cell death 1 protein, is a receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is expressed primarily on activated T cells. NK cells, B cells, and monocytes. PD-1 interaction with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, leads to the downregulation of T cell responses, including T cell proliferation and cytokine production, and limits immune destruction of tissues. The interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, thus plays a role in maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance, potentially including tumor tolerance.
NFAT (nuclear factor of activator T cells) proteins belong to a family of transcription factors that are very important in T cells activation, differentiation, and tolerance. NFAT pathway is activated by Ca2+ and the Ca2+/calmodulin- dependent serine phosphatase calcineurin after the engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR).