Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a critical non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway. In mice, JAK2 mediates responses to hematopoietic cytokines such as erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), and interleukins, playing essential roles in hematopoiesis, immune regulation, and cell proliferation. The constitutive activation of JAK2, particularly via the V617F mutation, is associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Mouse models with JAK2 mutations have been instrumental in studying MPN pathogenesis and testing targeted therapies, such as JAK2 inhibitors (e.g., ruxolitinib). Additionally, JAK2 knockout studies in mice demonstrate its necessity for embryonic development, particularly in definitive erythropoiesis. Despite advances in understanding JAK2’s role, challenges remain in developing therapies that selectively inhibit mutant JAK2 without disrupting normal cytokine signaling. Further research using murine models is crucial for elucidating JAK2’s broader functions and improving therapeutic strategies for JAK2-related disorders.