LNcap-AR-F877L-KI(+/-) Cell Line

AR (Androgen Receptor) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, functioning as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. The gene is more than 90 kb long and the protein contains three major functional domains: the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain (NTD), a central DNA-binding domain (DBD) with two zinc finger motifs, and a C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). Upon binding androgens such as testosterone or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the receptor dissociates from heat shock proteins in the cytoplasm, translocates to the nucleus, dimerizes, and binds to androgen response elements (AREs) to regulate the transcription of target genes. This signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics. The gene is located on the X chromosome (Xq11-12) and contains two polymorphic trinucleotide repeat segments in exon 1 that encode polyglutamine (CAG) and polyglycine (GGN) tracts. Expansion of the CAG repeat to 38-62 copies causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA, Kennedy's disease), an X-linked adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder. Other mutations are associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), which ranges from complete to partial resistance to androgens. Alternative splicing of the AR gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms; notably, variants lacking the LBD (such as AR-V7) are constitutively active and play a key role in resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).