With an approximate length of 106 kb, the human LGR4 gene contains 18 exons and 17 introns and is located on chromosome 11 (11p14.1). Human LGR4 encodes a 7-TM receptor protein of 951 amino acids with an ectodomain comprising 17 LRRs flanked by N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions. It is widely expressed in the heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and various endocrine and reproductive organs, including the uterus, mammary gland, placenta, bone, ovaries, testicles, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and a similar expression pattern has been observed in mice. LGR4 exerts critical effects on physiological processes, including the development and maturation of the eyes, kidney, skin, tooth, bone, reproductive system, hematopoietic system, digestive system, and other tissues. LGR4 has also been implicated in tumorigenesis.
Several recent studies have reported that, unlike LGR5/6, LGR4 plays essential roles in endocrine and metabolic diseases, including hypothalamic–gonadal axis defects, mammary gland dysplasia, osteoporosis, cardiometabolic diseases, and obesity. An inactivating mutation p.R126X in LGR4 leads to osteoporosis, electrolyte disturbance, abnormal sex hormone levels, and weight loss, whereas an activating mutation p.A750T is associated with bone mineral density, insulin resistance, and adiposity. Though several paracrine ligands are known to act on LGR4, the endocrine ligands of LGR4 remain poorly defined.